Lighten UP! A Community-Based Group Intervention to Promote Eudaimonic Well-Being in Older Adults: A Multi-Site Replication with 6 Month Follow-Up.

Objectives: Eudaimonic well-being (EWB), increasingly recognized as a critical component of health, typically declines in later life, and there are no existing programs to sustain or increase EWB in older adults. Lighten UP! is an 8-week program to promote EWB through facilitated group sessions in community settings and at-home practice. Building on earlier pilot research, the current study assessed the effect of the Lighten UP! Program using a longitudinal, multi-site design. Methods: Men and women (N = 169) aged 60 and over were recruited from three Wisconsin communities. EWB, life satisfaction, depression, and diverse aspects of health were assessed before and after the program and at 6-month follow up. Results: Participants reported significantly increased EWB; these changes were maintained 6 months later. The specific EWB domains of self-acceptance, positive relations, and personal growth showed the most robust gains. Participants also showed significant and sustained declines in depressive symptoms, anxiety, and hostility. Conclusions: Lighten UP! Program confirmed its positive effects for enhancing EWB in older adults living in multiple community settings. Clinical Implications: Programs that sustain or enhance EWB in older adults can be expected to yield improvements in diverse aspects of mental and physical health.

Desnutrición y enteroparasitosis en escolares del departamento de Guaymallén, Mendoza / Undernutrition and enteroparasitoses among schoolchildren in the department of Guaymallén, Mendoza

Introducción: La desnutrición y las enteroparasitosis infantiles representan un problema de salud pública. Sus prevalencias varían según el área geográfica y las condiciones socio-ambientales de residencia. Objetivo: Analizar la desnutrición y las enteroparasitosis, en relación a las condiciones socio-ambientales de residencia, en niños del departamento de Guaymallén Mendoza. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio antropométrico transversal que involucró a 947 niños de 4 a 10 años de edad concurrentes a escuelas públicas del departamento de Guaymallén. A fin de determinar el estado nutricional se empleó la referencia OMS 2007. Del análisis parasitológico participaron 192 niños. Las técnicas utilizadas para el diagnóstico parasitológico fueron Ritchie modificada y escobillado anal. La caracterización socio-ambiental se realizó mediante encuesta autoadministrada y semiestructurada. Resultados: La población analizada presentó mayor desnutrición crónica (4,8%), seguida de desnutrición global (2,4%) y por último emaciación (1,2%). El análisis parasitológico indicó que el 70,8% de los niños de Guaymallén estaba parasitado por al menos una especie. Las especies más prevalentes fueron Enterobius vermicularis (33,9%) y Blastocystis sp. (28,6%). Los niños desnutridos y/o parasitados vivían en condiciones socio-ambientales y económicas desfavorables. Conclusión: Las condiciones socio-ambientales desempeñan un papel importante en el crecimiento y en la salud de los niños. La elevada desnutrición y enteroparasitosis se manifiestan mayoritariamente en niños cuyos padres tienen empleos no calificados y bajo nivel de instrucción y sus hogares carecen de servicios sanitarios adecuados. La falta de saneamiento ambiental favorece la presencia de parásitos intestinales transmitidos principalmente a través del agua, alimentos contaminados o por contacto interpersonal

Introduction: The undernutrition and childhood enteroparasitoses is a public health problem. The prevalence varies according to the geographical area and the socio-environmental conditions of residence. Objective: To analyze undernutrition and enteroparasitoses in relation to socio-environmental conditions of residence, in children of the department of Guaymallén Mendoza.Methods: A cross-sectional anthropometric study was made involving 947 children aged 4 to 10 attending public schools in the department of Guaymallén. In order to determine the nutritional status, the WHO 2007 reference was used. The parasitological analysis was made on 192 children. The techniques used for the parasitological diagnosis were Ritchie modified and anal brushing. The socio-environmental characterization was performed by semi-structured and selfadministered survey. Results: The analyzed population presented greater stunting (4.8%), followed by underweight (2.4%) and finally wasting (1.2%). The parasitological analysis indicated that 70.8% of the children of Guaymallén were parasitized by at least one species. The most prevalent species were Enterobius vermicularis (33.9%) and Blastocystis sp. (28.6%). Undernutrited and/or parasitized children lived in unfavorable socio-environmental and economic conditions. Conclusion: Socio-environmental conditions perform an important role in the growth and the health of children. High undernutrition and intestinal parasites are mainly manifested in children whose parents have low level of education and unskilled jobs and their homes have deficiencies in sanitation services. The lack of environmental sanitation favors the presence of intestinal parasites transmitted mainly through water, contaminated food or through interpersonal contact

Relación entre clase social subjetiva y autoeficacia: efecto de la comparación social / Relation between subjective social class and self-efficacy: Effect of social comparison

La clase socioeconómica es una variable relevante en el proceso de jerarquización social. Se ha encontrado que la clase social subjetiva (CSS) se relaciona positivamente con la autoeficacia de las personas. En la presente investigación, de tipo mixto y realizada con 380 participantes, se intentó replicar estos resultados operación alizando la CSS de dos formas: a) a través de una manipulación experimental -pidiéndole aleatoriamente a los participantes que se compararan con quienes quedaron abajo o arriba de ellos en una escala de jerarquía social- y b) a través de la medición de la CSS como diferencia individual. Los resultados no mostraron efectos de la manipulación experimental, pero si evidenciaron que la CSS, medida como diferencia individual, se relaciona positivamente con la autoeficacia general. Asimismo, y a nivel cualitativo, se analizaron las descripciones que los participantes hicieron sobre las características de las personas de clase alta y baja, encontrando que en ambos casos prevalecen características de tipo situacional (frente a características disposicionales), pero con una mayor valencia positiva en los de clase alta. Se concluye que la CSS es un factor importante en la autoeficacia y modera los efectos de la comparación social

Socioeconomic class is a relevant variable with regard to the process of social hierarchization; specifically, subjective social class (SSC) has been found to correlate positively with the self-efficacy of persons. In the present study, with mixed methodology and a population size of 280 participants, we attempted to replicate these results by operationalizing SSC in the two following manners: (a) through experimental manipulation --randomly requesting that participants compare themselves with those who are above or below them in a social hierarchy scale-- and (b) through measuring SSC as individual difference. The results show no effects due to experimental manipulation, but do support that SSC, measured as individual difference, positively correlates with general self-efficacy. Regarding qualitative analysis, when the participant's descriptions of common characteristics in members of the upper and lower class were studied, we found that situational characteristics predominated (over dispositional characteristics), but with greater positive valence when describing the upper class. We conclude that SSC is an important factor in self-efficacy and that it moderates effects of social comparison

Social determinants of mental health: a review of the evidence

Background and Objectives: The aim of this study is to present a non-systematic narrative review of the published evidence on the association between mental health and sociodemographic and economic factors at individual- and at area-level. Methods: A literature search of PubMed and Web of Science was carried out to identify studies published between 2004 and 2014 on the impact of sociodemographic and economic individual or contextual factors on psychiatric symptoms, mental disorders or suicide. The results and methodological factors were extracted from each study. Results: Seventy-eight studies assessed associations between individual-level factors and mental health. The main individual factors shown to have a statistically significant independent association with worse mental health were low income, not living with a partner, lack of social support, female gender, low level of education, low income, low socioeconomic status, unemployment, financial strain, and perceived discrimination. Sixty-nine studies reported associations between area-level factors and mental health, namely neighbourhood socioeconomic conditions, social capital, geographical distribution and built environment, neighbourhood problems and ethnic composition. Conclusions: Most of the 150 studies included reported associations between at least one sociodemographic or economic characteristic and mental health outcomes. There was large variability between studies concerning methodology, study populations, variables, and mental illness outcomes, making it difficult to draw more than some general qualitative conclusions. This review highlights the importance of social factors in the initiation and maintenance of mental illness and the need for political action and effective interventions to improve the conditions of everyday life in order to improve population’s mental health (AU)

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Diseño y validación de un cuestionario para el diagnóstico enfermero psicosocial en Atención Primaria / Design and validation of a questionnaire for psychosocial nursing diagnosis in Primary Care

Objetivo Construir un cuestionario válido, fiable y de fácil manejo para el diagnóstico enfermero psicosocial. Método El estudio se realizó en 2 fases: diseño-construcción del cuestionario y pruebas de validez-fiabilidad. Se construyó un banco de ítems con una escala tipo Likert y dicotómicas, empleando como marco de referencia la clasificación NANDA. La combinación de respuestas conformó reglas diagnósticas para asignar hasta 28 etiquetas. Las pruebas de validez de contenido las realizó un grupo de expertos. Para las pruebas de validez de criterio se emplearon otros instrumentos validados como patrones de referencia. Cuarenta y cinco enfermeras de Atención Primaria de Tenerife (España) administraron de forma independiente el cuestionario, en 3 ocasiones, y los otros instrumentos validados en una única ocasión a 188 pacientes en un intervalo de 3 semanas. Resultados Las pruebas de validez de constructo confirmaron las 6 dimensiones del cuestionario con un 91% de varianza total explicada. Las pruebas de validez de criterio indicaron una especificidad del 66-100% y mayores puntuaciones de los instrumentos de referencia cuando se asignaron etiquetas diagnósticas por nuestro cuestionario. Las pruebas de fiabilidad indicaron grados de acuerdo test-retest del 56%-91% (p<0,001) y una consistencia interna del 93%. El Cuestionario para el Diagnóstico Enfermero Psicosocial, denominado CdePS, quedó conformado por 61 ítems. Conclusiones El CdePS es un instrumento válido, fiable y de fácil empleo en Atención Primaria para facilitar el diagnóstico enfermero psicosocial (AU)

Aim To develop a valid, reliable and easy-to-use questionnaire for a psychosocial nursing diagnosis. Method The study was performed in two phases: first phase, questionnaire design and construction; second phase, validity and reliability tests. A bank of items was constructed using the NANDA classification as a theoretical framework. Each item was assigned a Likert scale or dichotomous response. The combination of responses to the items constituted the diagnostic rules to assign up to 28 labels. A group of experts carried out the validity test for content. Other validated scales were used as reference standards for the criterion validity tests. Forty-five nurses provided the questionnaire to the patients on three separate occasions over a period of three weeks, and the other validated scales only once to 188 randomly selected patients in Primary Care centres in Tenerife (Spain).Results Validity tests for construct confirmed the six dimensions of the questionnaire with 91% of total variance explained. Validity tests for criterion showed a specificity of 66%-100%, and showed high correlations with the reference scales when the questionnaire was assigning nursing diagnoses. Reliability tests showed agreement of 56%-91% (P<.001), and a 93% internal consistency. The Questionnaire for Psychosocial Nursing Diagnosis was called CdePS, and included 61 ítems. Conclusions The CdePS is a valid, reliable and easy-to-use tool in Primary Care centres to improve the assigning of a psychosocial nursing diagnosis (AU)

Pelagra: estudio clínico, histopatológico y epidemiológico de 7 casos / Pellagra: A Clinical, Histopathological, and Epidemiological Study of 7 Cases

Introducción y objetivos: En el mundo desarrollado la pelagra es una entidad rara confinada a unos pocos grupos de riesgo. Afecta especialmente a personas alcohólicas, con transgresiones dietéticas, malabsorción intestinal o en tratamiento con determinados medicamentos. El objetivo del presente trabajo es realizar un estudio de las características clínicas, histopatológicas y epidemiológicas de los pacientes diagnosticados de pelagra en nuestro centro, y compararlo con los hallazgos «clásicos» de esta entidad. Pacientes y métodos: Se realiza un estudio retrospectivo de los pacientes con hallazgos clínicos y/o patológicos de pelagra en nuestro centro en el periodo comprendido entre 1998 y 2009. Resultados: Siete pacientes cumplían los criterios de inclusión. Todos eran varones y los factores predisponentes más importantes fueron el alcoholismo y la transgresión dietética. Todos mostraban un cuadro de fotosensibilidad, donde el dorso de los antebrazos fue el área más afectada y el dorso del pie la zona donde las lesiones eran más graves. Los hallazgos histopatológicos más constantes fueron la presencia de vasos dilatados asociados a una extravasación hemática, con escaso o nulo infiltrado inflamatorio. Los cambios epidérmicos fueron variados e incluyeron cambios sugestivos de pelagra en grado leve, como una palidez de la epidermis y cierto grado de balonización de los queratinocitos, pero también otras alteraciones como ampollas con necrosis epidérmica e hiperqueratosis. En la mayoría de los pacientes la sospecha clínica inicial no fue de pelagra. Casi todos asociaban una discreta clínica extracutánea. Conclusiones: Ante pacientes con lesiones en áreas fotoexpuestas se debe descartar pelagra. Para ello se deben investigar los factores predisponentes de pelagra, la situación social del paciente y la presencia de alteraciones digestivas y/o neurológicas (AU)

Background and objectives: In the developed world, pellagra is a rare condition that is restricted to a small number of at-risk groups. It mainly affects alcoholic patients and those with dietary deficiencies, with intestinal malabsorption, or in treatment with certain drugs. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical, histopathological, and epidemiological characteristics of patients diagnosed with pellagra in our hospital and to compare the results with the findings traditionally described for this disease. Patients and methods: We undertook a retrospective study of patients with clinical or pathological evidence of pellagra who were seen in our hospital between 1998 and 2009. Results: Seven patients met the inclusion criteria. All were men and the most common predisposing factors were alcoholism and dietary deficiency. All exhibited photosensitivity mainly affecting the forearms and the upper surface of the feet, where the lesions were more severe. The most consistent histopathological findings were the presence of dilated blood vessels with extravasation and little or no inflammatory infiltrate. Various changes were observed in the epidermis, including those suggestive of mild pellagra, such as epidermal pallor and some degree of ballooning of the keratinocytes. Other abnormalities such as epidermal necrosis and hyperkeratosis were also observed. In most patients, pellagra was not initially suspected. Additional noncutaneous findings were observed in almost all cases. Conclusions: Pellagra should be ruled out in patients with lesions on sun-exposed areas. Predisposing factors for pellagra should be assessed along with the social situation of patients and the presence of digestive or neurological abnormalities (AU)

Entrepreneurs, chance, and the deterministic concentration of wealth.

In many economies, wealth is strikingly concentrated. Entrepreneurs--individuals with ownership in for-profit enterprises--comprise a large portion of the wealthiest individuals, and their behavior may help explain patterns in the national distribution of wealth. Entrepreneurs are less diversified and more heavily invested in their own companies than is commonly assumed in economic models. We present an intentionally simplified individual-based model of wealth generation among entrepreneurs to assess the role of chance and determinism in the distribution of wealth. We demonstrate that chance alone, combined with the deterministic effects of compounding returns, can lead to unlimited concentration of wealth, such that the percentage of all wealth owned by a few entrepreneurs eventually approaches 100%. Specifically, concentration of wealth results when the rate of return on investment varies by entrepreneur and by time. This result is robust to inclusion of realities such as differing skill among entrepreneurs. The most likely overall growth rate of the economy decreases as businesses become less diverse, suggesting that high concentrations of wealth may adversely affect a country's economic growth. We show that a tax on large inherited fortunes, applied to a small portion of the most fortunate in the population, can efficiently arrest the concentration of wealth at intermediate levels.

Psicosis y diferencias sociales: comparando la prevalencia de las psicosis en dos medios urbanos diferenciados / Psychosis and social differences: comparing psychosis prevalence between two socially differentiated urban settings

Objetivos: Contribuir a la reflexión sobre la etiología y/o los factores de riesgo para las psicosis comparando la prevalencia en población general y población de riesgo de la esquizofrenia y otras psicosis en dos barrios de Barcelona (España). Método: Nuestras aportaciones en este trabajo se apoyan sobre todo en un estudio descriptivo transversal de todos los pacientes con psicopatología detectados en la USM de Sant Martí-La Mina: un territorio geodemográfica y asistencialmente delimitado formado por 5 Áreas Básicas de Salud (103.615 habitantes. Resultados: Sobre un total de 21.536 pacientes con registro de casos abierto desde el año 1982 hasta el año 2000, se halló que 838 cumplían los criterios restrictivos para ser diagnosticados como «esquizofrénicos» (N=476) o «afectados por otras psicosis» (N=362). Sin embargo, las prevalencias de esquizofrenia y otras psicosis en el barrio sujeto a más factores de riesgo psicosociales eran alrededor de 2 veces mayores que las encontradas en el barrio colindante por el mismo equipo y en el mismo período temporal. Conclusión: Es necesario tener en cuenta el gran peso de los factores de sociales y psicosociales para poderse explicar las diferencias de prevalencia de la esquizofrenia y otras psicosis entre diferentes poblaciones (AU)

Objectives: To contribute to the discussion about aetiology and risk factors of psychosis comparing the prevalence in general population and in «age of risk population» for schizophrenias and other psychoses on two neighbourhoods of Barcelona (Spain). Method: We base our reflections in a transversal study about the results of an informatized case register of all the patients' with detected psychopathology in this geodemographic and assistencially differentiated area: 5 Basic Areas of Health (103.615 inhabitants). Results: The total «psychopathological patients» detected were 21.536. From them, 838 completed the restrictive criteria to be diagnosed as «schizophrenics» (476) or «affected by other psychoses» (362). Among the neighborhood charged with psychosocial risk factors and the other 4 adjacent basic areas of health, assisted for the same team, so much clinical as investigator, the incidence and the prevalence of the schizophrenia and other psychoses is twice as much, almost in each group diagnosis. Conclusion: It seems necessary to keep in mind the great weight of the social and psychosocial factors to explain those differences of incidence and prevalence of the schizophrenia and the psychoses in different populations (AU)

Youth map of the city of Santo André, Southeastern Brazil: an instrument to read social inequalities.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze social inequalities in young adults living in an urban area by mapping sociodemographic and economic data. METHODS: Using data from the 2000 Demographic Census, 57 sociodemographic and economic variables of young adults aged from 15 to 24 years, living in the city of Santo André, Southeastern Brazil, were distributed among 43 areas of statistical data, corresponding to a division of the region into smaller districts. Data from the year 2000 were collected from the Santo André City Hall Department of Socioeconomic Indicators. Using factorial analysis, 13 variables were grouped in two factors - working conditions and life conditions, which distinguished areas that were similar to one another statistically. Cluster analysis of areas was performed, resulting in four social groups. RESULTS: The area that concentrated young adults with higher access to wealth was classified as central and that including individuals with lower access to wealth was classified as peripheral. Two intermediate areas could be identified, one closer to the highest access to wealth ('almost central') and another close to the lowest access to wealth ('almost peripheral'). Discriminating variables were associated with work, migration, level of education, fertility, adolescent's position in the household, presence of spouse or partner, living conditions and assets owned. CONCLUSIONS: Differences among social groups revealed important inequalities among young adults who live, study and/or work in the city, which will contribute to the planning of public social policies aimed at these groups.

Mapa das juventudes de Santo André, SP: instrumento de leitura das desigualdades sociais / Youth map of the city of Santo André, Southeastern Brazil: an instrument to read social inequalities

OBJETIVO: Analisar as desigualdades sociais de jovens moradores em área urbana pelo mapeamento de dados sociodemográficos e econômicos. MÉTODOS: Utilizando-se dados do Censo Demográfico 2000, 57 variáveis sociodemográficas e econômicas de jovens de 15 a 24 anos do município de Santo André, SP, foram distribuídas por 43 regiões de dados estatísticos que correspondem a um recorte do território em distritos menores. Os dados foram coletados no Departamento de Indicadores Sociais e Econômicos da Prefeitura Municipal de Santo André, referentes ao ano 2000. Por meio de análise fatorial, 13 variáveis foram agrupadas em dois fatores - condições de trabalho e condições de vida, que discriminaram estatisticamente regiões semelhantes entre si. Foi realizada análise por agrupamento das regiões, resultando em quatro grupos sociais. RESULTADOS: O espaço que concentrava os jovens com mais acesso à riqueza foi classificado como central e aqueles com menos acesso, como periférico. Duas gradações intermediárias puderam ser identificadas, uma mais próxima ao extremo do acesso ("quase central") e outra mais próxima à privação ("quase periférica"). As variáveis discriminantes estavam relacionadas ao trabalho, à migração, escolaridade, fecundidade, posição do jovem no domicílio, presença de cônjuge ou companheiro, condição de moradia e posse de bens. CONCLUSÕES: As diferenças entre os grupos sociais expressaram desigualdades importantes entre os jovens que vivem, estudam e/ou trabalham na cidade, o que contribuirá para o planejamento de políticas sociais públicas dirigidas a esses grupos.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze social inequalities in young adults living in an urban area by mapping sociodemographic and economic data. METHODS: Using data from the 2000 Demographic Census, 57 sociodemographic and economic variables of young adults aged from 15 to 24 years, living in the city of Santo André, Southeastern Brazil, were distributed among 43 areas of statistical data, corresponding to a division of the region into smaller districts. Data from the year 2000 were collected from the Santo André City Hall Department of Socioeconomic Indicators. Using factorial analysis, 13 variables were grouped in two factors - working conditions and life conditions, which distinguished areas that were similar to one another statistically. Cluster analysis of areas was performed, resulting in four social groups. RESULTS: The area that concentrated young adults with higher access to wealth was classified as central and that including individuals with lower access to wealth was classified as peripheral. Two intermediate areas could be identified, one closer to the highest access to wealth ("almost central") and another close to the lowest access to wealth ("almost peripheral"). Discriminating variables were associated with work, migration, level of education, fertility, adolescent's position in the household, presence of spouse or partner, living conditions and assets owned. CONCLUSIONS: Differences among social groups revealed important inequalities among young adults who live, study and/or work in the city, which will contribute to the planning of public social policies aimed at these groups.

A multilevel analysis of the socio-spatial pattern of assault injuries in greater Vancouver, British Columbia.

OBJECTIVES: The purposes of this study are to a) determine the extent to which individual and neighbourhood-level socio-economic indicators broadly reflect the social conditions associated with assault injuries within an urban Canadian city, b) examine the significance of this relationship and c) determine if this relationship is best explained at the individual or neighbourhood scale. METHODS: Assault-related hospitalization data (2001-2006) were obtained from the British Columbia Trauma Registry (BCTR). Data from the 2001 Census were used as proxy measures of individual and neighbourhood socio-economic status (SES). A generalized hierarchical nonlinear model was used to differentiate between individual and neighbourhood effects. RESULTS: A social gradient according to individual and neighbourhood SES and frequency of assault injuries was observed for adults of all ages. After controlling for age and individual SES, probability of greater risk of assault injury among individuals living in progressively less privileged neighbourhoods remained 1.5-3 times higher than individuals living in the least deprived neighbourhoods. For adults under the age of 35, neighbourhood SES was a more statistically significant indicator of increased odds of assault injury than individual income. DISCUSSION: Assessing compositional and contextual variations in health outcomes provides health researchers engaged in injury surveillance a way of showing how, and for which type of people, neighbourhood environments influence the likelihood that an individual will be hospitalized due to an intentional injury. This analysis suggests that prevention efforts exclusively focused on the individual may have a limited effect in reducing the occurrence of assault-related injuries, especially among young adults.

O povo das águas pretas: o caboclo amazônico do rio Negro / The people of the black waters: the Amazon caboclo of the Negro river

Apresenta uma descrição historicamente contextualizada do povo que vive ao longo do rio Negro, afluente brasileiro da bacia do Amazonas. Processos de constituição da população e das comunidades são identificados, nas fontes, a partir da experiência social cotidiana dos partícipes do processo histórico estudado, o qual percorre o século XX até a metade de sua última década. No rio Negro, o contato entre a sociedade brasileira e os diversos grupos indígenas que ali viviam, autóctones e catequizados, foi determinante para a constituição da identidade cabocla do território. A partir do último quartel do século XIX, a nomenclatura consolidou-se e vulgarizou-se, tendo na empresa extrativista um forte elemento propagador, em um contexto em que predominam as relações sociais constituintes da cultura do barracão.

The article constructs a historically contextualized description of the people who live along the Negro river, a Brazilian affluent in the Amazon basin. Drawing on information about the daily social experience of the participants from the dawn of the twentieth century through the mid-1990s, the processes by which the population and communities took shape are identified. On the Negro river, contact between Brazilian society and the autochthonous, catechized indigenous groups living there was determinant in shaping the territory's caboclo identity. Starting in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, this nomenclature took root and entered the popular lexicon. Extractivist activities played a major role in spreading the term, within a context where the predominant social relations derived from the 'cultura do barracão'.

[The people of the black waters: the Amazon caboclo of the Negro river]. / O povo das águas pretas: o caboclo amazônico do rio Negro.

The article constructs a historically contextualized description of the people who live along the Negro river, a Brazilian affluent in the Amazon basin. Drawing on information about the daily social experience of the participants from the dawn of the twentieth century through the mid-1990s, the processes by which the population and communities took shape are identified. On the Negro river, contact between Brazilian society and the autochthonous, catechized indigenous groups living there was determinant in shaping the territory's caboclo identity. Starting in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, this nomenclature took root and entered the popular lexicon. Extractivist activities played a major role in spreading the term, within a context where the predominant social relations derived from the 'cultura do barracão'.

Obstáculos en la efectividad de la categorización cruzada para la reducción del sesgo intergrupal / Obstacles in crossed categorization effectiveness for the reduction of intergroup bias

La categorización cruzada tal y como se ha llevado a cabo en la mayoría de los estudios ha mostrado un efecto de forma mucho más clara que la reducción del prejuicio hacia los grupos cruzados: el aumento del prejuicio hacia el doble exogrupo. Para evitar este efecto secundario indeseable hemos estudiado la efectividad de otra forma de presentación de la categorización cruzada que incluye el doble endogrupo y un grupo cruzado pero no el doble exogrupo, la «categorización cruzada parcial». En solo dos estudios se ha incluido esta forma de presentación sin encontrar efectos positivos. En esta investigación proponemos el emparejamiento de rasgos compartidos como proceso cognitivo que puede dificultar el efecto pretendido de la categorización cruzada parcial. Los resultados muestran que la categorización cruzada parcial no reduce el prejuicio hacia el grupo cruzado

Crossed categorization, in the way it has been carried out in most studies, has proved to have a clearer effect than the reduction of prejudice on crossed groups : the increase of prejudice against the double outgroup. In order to avoid this undesirable side effect, we have studied the effectiveness of another way crossed categorization can present itself, that is, the partial crossed categorization, which includes the double ingroup and a crossed group but not a double outgroup. This way of presentation has only been included in two studies, and no positive effects have been found. In this research, we propose the matching of shared features as a cognitive process which can make the intended effect of partial crossed categorization difficult. Results show that partial crossed categorization does not reduce prejudice against the crossed group

Social adversity in childhood and the risk of developing psychosis: a national cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: There is conflicting evidence concerning the association of social childhood factors and subsequent psychosis. Previous studies have had inadequate designs. The aim of the present study was to describe a broad range of social factors during childhood and the risk of developing psychosis later in life in a national cohort. METHOD: The study population consisted of all children born in Sweden in 1963-1983-2.1 million persons-in family households participating in the national census of 1970, 1980, 1985, or 1990. Hazard ratios were estimated for five different indicators of socioeconomic position (living in rented apartments, low socioeconomic status, single-parent households, unemployment, and households receiving social welfare benefits) from hospital admissions for schizophrenia and other psychoses during 1987-2002. RESULTS: Increased age- and sex-adjusted hazard ratios for schizophrenia and other psychoses were found for all childhood socioeconomic indicators, ranking from lowest to highest hazard ratio: rented apartments, low socioeconomic status, single-parent households, unemployment, and households receiving social welfare benefits. Hazard ratios increased with an increasing number of adverse social factors present. Those with four measures of adversity had a 2.7-fold higher risk of schizophrenia than those with none. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that social adversity in childhood and fetal life is independently associated with the risk of developing schizophrenia and other psychoses later in life. The risks increased with an increasing number of exposures, suggesting a dose-response relationship.

Construcción de un cuestionario de valoración de la salud social de los usuarios en el ámbito sociosanitario / Creating a social health evaluation questionnaire for users in the socio-sanitary area

Introducción: puede definirse salud social como la situación óptima en cada una de las áreas que configuran el entorno social de la persona. Este trabajo presenta los resultados preliminares de la creación del Qüestionari de Valoració de Salut Social (QVSS), que pretende valorar el estado de salud social de los usuarios del ámbito sociosanitario. Material y métodos: partiendo del análisis de contenido de instrumentos conocidos, el equipo de trabajo elaboró los ámbitos que consideraba necesarios para valorar la salud social, determinó las posibles situaciones en que podía encontrarse un individuo dentro de cada ámbito y formuló las preguntas necesarias para poder describirlas. Posteriormente, en una reunión con un grupo de expertos, se consensuaron los ámbitos y preguntas definitivas. Resultados: los ámbitos, que se corresponden a subescalas independientes del QVSS, fueron: soporte informal, soporte formal, situación económica, vivienda e integración familiar y social. El sexo (p < 0,001), los estudios (p = 0,017) y la clase social (p = 0,029) se asocian con la subescala económica. También el estado civil (p = 0,002), que además se asocia con el soporte informal (p = 0,030). El tiempo medio de respuesta fue de 13,5 min. Conclusiones: el QVSS mostró facilidad en su administración. Parece que no existen grandes diferencias en función de quién lo responda, excepto en la subescala de soporte informal. Se hace necesario validarlo y ahondar en el estudio sobre la relación entre el QVSS respondido por el paciente o por el cuidador

Introduction: social health can be defined as the best possible situation for each of the areas that make up a person's social environment. This article presents the preliminary results of the creation of a Social Health Evaluation Questionnaire (SHEV), aimed at assessing the social health status of users of hospitals for the elderly and disabled. Material and methods: the contents of well-known instruments were analysed and the working team selected the areas considered necessary to be able to evaluate social health status. The team then determined the possible situations in which individuals could find themselves in each of these areas and created questions to help them describe these situations. Subsequently, in a meeting with a group of experts, an overall agreement was reached on the scope and content of the final questions to be included in the questionnaire. Results: the distinct areas, which correspond to independent subscales in the SHEV, were: informal support, formal support, economic situation, housing, and social and family integration. Sex (p < 0.001), educational status (p = 0.017) and social class (p = 0.029) were associated with economic situation. Marital status was associated with economic situation (p = 0.002) and informal support (p = 0.030). The mean answering time was 13.5 minutes. Conclusions: the SHEV proved to be an easy tool to administer. No significant differences based upon responders were found, except in the subscale of informal support. Further validation and a more thorough investigation of the relationship between the SHEV as answered by patients or by their carers is required

Autoestima y refuerzo en estudiantes de 5º básico de una escuela de alto riesgo / Self-esteem and reinforcement in children from 10 to 11 years, students of a school of high risk

Este artículo describe los resultados de una investigación cuasi experimental, de grupo experimental y control con pretest - postest, que tuvo como propósito probar un tratamiento basado en un programa de refuerzo de intervalo variable, cuya finalidad era modificar la autoestima escolar de niños entre 10 y 11 años, definidos como de 'alto riesgo”11 años, definidos como de “alto riesgo' por pr por presentar altos índices de repetición de cursos, ausentismo y deserción, que son alumnos de la escuela La Bandera, E-97, colegio de administración municipal, perteneciente a la comuna de Antofagasta, Chile. Teniendo como antecedente el nivel de autoestima medida con el test de Aysén, antes de iniciar el tratamiento, el grupo experimental modifica su autoestima al finalizar el tratamiento disminuyendo a cero el porcentaje de alumnos con autoestima baja e incrementando de 12,8% a 20,5% el grupo de autoestima de rango alto. Por su parte, el grupo control presenta un 7,7% en el grupo de niños con autoestima baja y una disminución de 20,5 a 15,4% en los estudiantes que se ubican en el rango superior de autoestima. No obstante, los resultados no fueron significativos a un nivel de 95% de confianza

This article describes the results of an quasi-experimental investigation, of experimental and control group with pretest - postest, that had like purpose to test a processing based on a variable interval reinforcement program, whose purpose was to modify the school self-esteem in children from 10 to 11 years, defined as of 'high risk' by presenting high courses repetition indices, absenteeism and desertion, that are students of the school La Bandera, E - 97, school of municipal administration, belonging to the commune of Antofagasta, Chile. Having as preceding the level of measured self-esteem with the test of Aysén, before initiating the processing, the experimental group modifies its self-esteem to finalize the processing diminishing to zero the percentage of students with low self-esteem and increasing from 12,8% to 20,5% the high rank self-esteem group. In turn, the group control presents a 7,7% in the group of children with low self-esteem and a decrease from 20,5 to 15,4% the students that are located in the upper rank of selfesteem. Nevertheless, the results were not significant to a level of 95% of confidence

Neighborhood residence and mental health problems of 5- to 11-year-olds.

CONTEXT: Little research has investigated possible effects of neighborhood residence on mental health problems in children such as depression, anxiety, and withdrawal. OBJECTIVE: To examine whether children's mental health is associated with neighborhood structural characteristics (concentrated disadvantage, immigrant concentration, and residential stability) and whether neighborhood social processes (collective efficacy and organizational participation) underlie such effects. DESIGN AND SETTING: The Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods is a multilevel, longitudinal study of a representative sample of children aged 5 to 11 years in the late 1990s recruited from 80 neighborhoods. A community survey assessing neighborhood social processes was conducted with an independent sample of adult residents in these 80 neighborhoods and is used in conjunction with US census data to assess neighborhood conditions. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 2805 children (18.1% European American, 33.8% African American, and 48.1% Latino) and their primary caregivers were seen twice. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Child Behavior Checklist total raw and clinical cutoff scores for internalizing behavior problems (depression, anxiety, withdrawal, and somatic problems). RESULTS: The percentages of children above the clinical threshold were 21.5%, 18.3%, and 11.5% in neighborhoods of low, medium, and high socioeconomic status, respectively. A substantial proportion of variance in children's total internalizing scores (intraclass correlation, 11.1%) was attributable to between-neighborhood differences. Concentrated disadvantage was associated with more mental health problems and a higher number of children in the clinical range, after accounting for family demographic characteristics, maternal depression, and earlier child mental health scores. Neighborhood collective efficacy and organizational participation were associated with better mental health, after accounting for neighborhood concentrated disadvantage. Collective efficacy mediated the effect of concentrated disadvantage. CONCLUSIONS: A large number of children in poor neighborhoods have mental health problems. The mechanism through which neighborhood economic effects operated was community social control and cohesion, which may be amenable to intervention.